會議主題：「聖經詮釋學-3 語意,句法」
主講人： 徐淑瑛教授
Ch. 3 Semantics & Ch 4 Syntax
(I) Semantic Fallacies
1. The Lexical Fallacy
Assumption: Word studies can settle theological arguments.
Overemphasis on words to the detriment (danger) of context.
Illegitimate totality transfer (Barr 1961:218) (transfer the “totality” of the meanings into a single passage).
2. The Root Fallacy - Etymology
Root fallacy: a basic root meaning is to be found in all subsets.
Lexical fallacy: the historical development of a term determines its current meaning.
Claim: Root meaning is not “universal meaning” that permeates the whole.
3. Misuse of Etymology
Fallacy: the meaning of a word stemmed from its very nature rather than from convention (Louv 1982: 23-25). The key to a word’s meaning lay in its origin and history. …any past use of a word could be read into its current meaning.
“Etymology is misused as formative of meaning when the diachronic history of a term is given priority over the context.”
4. Misuse of Subsequent meaning
Fallacy: read later meanings back into the biblical material
5. The One-meaning Fallacy
Fallacy: every appearance of a Hebrew or Greek term should be translated by the same English word. (~root fallacy)
6. Misuse of Parallels
Fallacy: chose only those parallels that would support one’s view.
7. The Disjunctive Fallacy
Fallacy: either… or
Osborne: unwarranted disjunction: “charismatic freedom and institutionalism are not dichotomous”.
8. The Word Fallacy
Fallacy: failure to consider the concept as well as the word. Study only occurrences of the particular term.
Osborne: cluster semantically related terms and phrases.
Consider passages that have other related terms in dealing with the same theme.
9. Ignoring the Context
Fallacy: word-by-word approach
(II) Basic Semantic Theory
1. Meaning: Author’s intended meaning; what the text “means” for each of us; “words are arbitrary symbols that have meaning only in a context.
2. “Meaning was not inherent in peirasmos but was given to it by its context; without a context the term has only potential meaning.”
3. Sense and reference:
4. Structural linguistics: “What other terms could have been chosen to describe the writer’s thoughts? What is the larger semantic domain (range of meanings) of which these terms are a part, and what does it add to the thought?”
5. Context: Style is A key to meaning (not THE key to meaning); Caution: Don’t exaggerate the importance of style.
6. Situational context: Hellenists (Acts 6:1) Alan Brehm (1995:180-199)
Jewish Christians speaking the Greek lg or following the Greek culture
Jewish Christians, opponents of Paul, Syrian converts
Hebrews 6:1: Jews speaking Greek rather than Aramaic
7. Deep structure (DS): underlying message behind the words (Surface grammar controls the transformations vs. deeper message of the utterance)
8. Syntax and semantics: 不同翻譯版本使用不同的句法
9. Semantic range: Lexicon; Concordances; Primary meaning; Secondary meaning; Figurative meaning
10. Connotative meaning: Nida & Taber (1969:37-39) 4 basic components of the dynamic employment of words in a context
11. Semantic field/paradigmatic research: Synonymy, antonymy & componential analysis:
Semantic field: various meanings the term itself might have in different contexts + other terms that relate to it. paradigmatic approach, polymorphy, synonymy
12. Ambiguity & double meaning:
Synonymies: agapao & phileō (John 21:15-17)
對於Osborne只是同義詞的交互使用 (“John’s tendency to use terms synonymously”)
Hapax legomena (只出現過一次的詞)
選擇最不影響句義改變的意思
Double meaning: (The Gospel of John 常用)
Wind/spirit (Gen 1:2)
anōthen genēnthēnai “born from above/again” (John 3:3, 7)
menō “live”, “remain” for plant (John 1:38-39) 約翰福音出現40次，約翰書信27次，12 次 在其他3卷福音書(the Synoptics)
參考書單如下：
Osborne, Grant R. (2006). The Hermeneutical Spiral: A Comprehensive Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, 2nd Ed: InterVarsity Press. (§Part I: Chapter 3 Semantics, and
Chapter 4 Syntax)
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